1.线程与进程、并发与并行

1线程与进程

进程：

  • 程序由指令和数据组成，但这些指令要运行，数据要读写，就必须将指令加载至 CPU，数据加载至内存。在指令运行过程中还需要用到磁盘、网络等设备。进程就是用来加载指令、管理内存、管理 IO 的
  • 当一个程序被运行，从磁盘加载这个程序的代码至内存，这时就开启了一个进程。
  • 进程就可以视为程序的一个实例。大部分程序可以同时运行多个实例进程（例如记事本、画图、浏览器等），也有的程序只能启动一个实例进程（例如网易云音乐、360 安全卫士等）

线程：

  • 一个进程之内可以分为一到多个线程。
  • 一个线程就是一个指令流，将指令流中的一条条指令以一定的顺序交给 CPU 执行
  • Java 中，线程作为最小调度单位，进程作为资源分配的最小单位。 在 windows 中进程是不活动的，只是作为线程的容器

进程与线程对比：

  • 进程基本上相互独立的，而线程存在于进程内，是进程的一个子集
  • 进程拥有共享的资源，如内存空间等，供其内部的线程共享
  • 进程间通信较为复杂
  • 同一台计算机的进程通信称为IPC（Inter-process communication）
  • 不同计算机之间的进程通信，需要通过网络，并遵守共同的协议，例如HTTP
  • 线程通信相对简单，因为它们共享进程内的内存，一个例子是多个线程可以访问同一个共享变量
  • 线程更轻量，线程上下文切换成本一般上要比进程上下文切换低

2.并发与并行

单核 cpu 下，线程实际还是 串行执行 的。操作系统中有一个组件叫做任务调度器，将 cpu 的时间片（windows下时间片最小约为 15 毫秒）分给不同的程序使用，只是由于 cpu 在线程间（时间片很短）的切换非常快，人类感觉是 同时运行的 。总结为一句话就是：微观串行，宏观并行。一般会将这种线程轮流使用 CPU 的做法称为并发，concurrent。

多核 cpu下，每个核（core）都可以调度运行线程，这时候线程可以是并行的。

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